Uhlu Olubi eNingizimu Afrika | Esiwusizo Risk Guide
Qonda ukufakwa kuhlu okungalungile emibikweni yezikweletu zaseNingizimu Afrika: izahlulelo, okuzenzakalelayo, ama-oda omlawuli, ukuthathwa kwempahla. Ochwepheshe bezikweletu abahlola ubungozi kanye nokufinyeleleka.
Ukufakwa ohlwini okungalungile kuwulwazi olubi olurekhodwe embikweni wesikweletu somthengi—izahlulelo, ukungakhokhi, imiyalo yokuphatha, ukudliwa kwempahla, namafulegi okubuyekezwa kwezikweletu. Kochwepheshe bezikweletu baseNingizimu Afrika, babalulekile ekuhloleni ubungozi, izibalo zokungakwazi ukukhokhela, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo okuthobela i-NCA. Kodwa-ke zivame ukungcwatshwa emlandweni we-bureau, owethulwa ngendlela ehlukile yi-bureau ngayinye, futhi kulula ukuphuthelwa lapho ubuyekeza ama-PDF ngesandla. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlu ezingezinhle, izinhlobo eziyinhloko eNingizimu Afrika, ukuthi zivela kanjani emibikweni yezikweletu, izikhathi zokugcinwa kwezikweletu, umthelela wazo ekuhlolweni kwekhredithi, izinselele ezivamile zobungcweti, nokuthi kungani idatha ehlelekile itholakala kuzo ngokucacile ukuze kuhlaziywe okungaguquki, okufundekayo. Ukuze uthole uhlaka olubanzi oluhlanganisa ulwazi olubi ekuthengeni nasekungeneni ezikweletini ngokweqile, bona umhlahlandlela wokuhlola ukukwazi ukukhokhela.
Yini Uhlu Olubi
Ukufakwa ohlwini okungalungile izinto ezifakwe efayeleni le-credit bureau yomthengi ezibonisa izehlakalo ezimbi ezimbi kakhulu: ukwehluleka ukukhokha ngokusemthethweni kumbolekisi, umyalelo wenkantolo wokubuyisela imali, ukushoda kwezikweletu noma ukuqhutshwa kwezinqubo zokuphatha, noma isimo esisemthethweni sokubuyekezwa kwezikweletu. Ahlukile ezinkokhelweni sekwephuzile noma ezikweletini ezikhonjiswa emigqeni yokuhweba ngayinye; bamele ukucindezeleka okukhulayo noma okusemthethweni. Ukonakala amakhodi ephrofayela yokukhokha emibikweni ye-bureau kuvame ukwandulela ukufakwa kuhlu okungekuhle—izikweleti eziphindaphindwayo zingaholela ekuhlulekeni bese kuba yisinqumo. Izikhungo zezikweletu eNingizimu Afrika zithola lolu lwazi kubakweletisi, ezinkantolo, kanye naku-National Credit Regulator (NCR) futhi zilugcine isikhathi esinqunyiwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Credit Bureau Association (CBA). Kwabasebenzi,ukufakwa kuhlu okungalungile kuthinta amagoli esikweletu, ukuba nezikweletu ngokweqile ukuhlola, isikweletu-kuya-imali engenayo izibalo, nezinqumo zokuboleka noma zokuhlela kabusha. Ukuzishoda noma ukuzihlukanisa kubukela phansi kokubili ubungozi nokuthobela.
Izinhlobo Zohlu Olubi eNingizimu Afrika
Imibiko yezikweletu yaseNingizimu Afrika ingaqukatha izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezihlukene zolwazi olubi. Ngayinye inomsuka othile wezomthetho noma wenqubo futhi ivela kumafayela ehhovisi anamazinga ahlukahlukene emininingwane.
Okuzenzakalelayo
Ukungakhokhi yisaziso esisemthethweni esivela kumkweletisi esiya kwa-bureau sokuthi i-akhawunti ayisebenzi—imvamisa ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe sokungakhokhi, ngokuvamile izinyanga ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngesivumelwano kanye nenqubomgomo yombolekisi. Uma isifakiwe, okumisiwe kuyarekhodwa efayeleni lomthengi kanye negama lomkweletwayo, inani, idethi yokuphutha, kanye nereferensi ye-akhawunti. Okuzenzakalelayo kubonisa ukuthi umkweletisi uhlukanise ngokusemthethweni i-akhawunti njengemisiwe esikhundleni sokumane nje alele emuva; ziyinkomba enamandla yokwehluleka ukukhokha futhi zisetshenziswa ama-bureaux ekutholeni amaphuzu kanye nabanikezeli bezikweletu emithethweni yenqubomgomo. Ukuhlukanisa okukhokhelwayo kokuzenzakalelayo okungakhokhelwa kukho kokubili ubungozi kanye nokugcinwa: okuzenzakalelayo okukhokhelwayo kungase kuphathwe ngendlela ehlukile ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-CBA kanye nenqubomgomo yendlu.
Izahlulelo
Izahlulelo ziyiziyalo zenkantolo ezidinga umthengi ukuthi akhokhe isikweletu. Atholwa abakweletwayo ezinkantolo (imvamisa iNkantolo Yezimantshi ngesikweletu sabathengi) bese erekhodwa kumafayela e-credit bureau. Ukufakwa kwesahlulelo kuvame ukuhlanganisa inkantolo, inombolo yecala, usuku lwesinqumo, inani, kanye nommangali (umkweleti). Izahlulelo zine aumthelela oqondile ekufanelekeleni isikweletu futhi ngokuvamile ekufanelekeleni ukuthola isikweletu esisha; ziphinde zithinte ukukwazi ukuthengeka uma umthengi ekhokha isahlulelo nge-garnishee order noma ezinye izinhlelo, ngoba leyo nkokhelo yehlisa imali engenayo etholakalayo futhi kufanele ifakwe isikweletu-kuya-imali engenayo ezibalweni ukufinyeleleka. Ukuhlola ukuthi isahlulelo sikhokhelwe noma asikhokhiwe, nokuthi sinqumile, kuyingxenye yokuhlolwa kwezikweletu okujwayelekile.
Imiyalo yokuphatha (Isigaba 74, Umthetho Wenkantolo Yezimantshi)
Umyalelo wokuphatha ngaphansi kweSigaba 74 soMthetho Wenkantolo Yezimantshi uvumela umthengi onezikweletu eziningi ukuthi azikhokhe ngomlawuli oqokwe yinkantolo. Umyalelo urekhodwa efayelini lesikweletu lomthengi futhi ubonisa ukuthi umthengi ungaphansi kwelungiselelo lokukhokha elisemthethweni eligadwe yinkantolo. Kochwepheshe bezikweletu, imiyalo yokuphatha ithinta kokubili ubungozi kanye nokufinyeleleka kwayo: umthengi usenqubweni yokukhokha ehlelekile, futhi inkokhelo yokuphatha yanyanga zonke iyisibopho okufanele sifakwe kuyo yonke isevisi yesikweletu lapho kuhlolwa ukuba nezikweletu ngokweqile noma umthamo wesikweletu esisha.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ukudliwa kwempahla kuyizinqubo zokushoda ezikweletini ngaphansi koMthetho Wokungathenjelwa Kwezikweletu. Uma umthengi ethathwa, lelo qiniso lirekhodwa kumafayela e-bureau futhi linomthelela omubi ekufanelekeleni isikweletu. Ukudliwa kwempahla kuhlala kumbiko ngesikhathi sokugcina esinqunywe yimithetho ye-CBA kanye nomthetho; Ngaleso sikhathi umthengi ngokuvamile akakwazi ukufinyelela isikweletu esisha. Ukuvuselelwa ekuthathweni kwempahla nakho kuyarekhodwa; odokotela kudingeka bahlukanise phakathi kokuthathwa okusebenzayo kanye nesimo sokubuyiselwa esimweni laphoukuhlola amafayela.
Ukubuyekezwa kwezikweletu kanye nokuhlela kabusha amafulegi (i-NCA Isigaba 86)
Uma umthengi efaka isicelo sokubuyekezwa kwezikweletu ngaphansi kweSigaba 86 soMthetho Wezikweletu Kazwelonke, umeluleki wezikweletu wazisa i-NCR kanye ne-credit bureaux. Ifayela lomthengi lihlatshwe umkhosi ukuze libonise ukuthi ungaphansi kokubuyekezwa kwezikweletu—okusho ukuthi angeke bathole isikweletu esisha ngaphandle kwemvume yomeluleki wezikweletu nokuthi isiphakamiso sokuhlela kabusha singase sisaqhubeka noma siyasebenza. Leli fulegi libalulekile kubanikezeli bezikweletu (okungafanele banikeze esinye isikweletu ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo ye-NCA) kanye nakwabanye abeluleki ngezikweletu noma abadayisi okudingeka babone ukuthi umthengi usevele ekhona ohlelweni. Ifulegi lingase lihlale kuze kube yilapho ukubuyekezwa kwezikweletu kuqedwa, kuhoxiswa, noma kuqedwe.
Kuvela Kanjani Uhlu Olubi Emibikweni Yezikweletu
Ukufakwa kuhlu okungalungile akuveli ngefomethi eyodwa, evamile kuwo wonke ama-bureau. I-Experian, TransUnion, Datanamix (kuhlanganise neCompuscan), kanye ne-XDS ngayinye yethula izahlulelo, okuzenzakalelayo, imiyalo yokuphatha, nedatha ehlobene ngesakhiwo sayo sombiko nesitayela sokulandisa.
Amaphuzu edatha avamile ahlanganisa: idethi yokungena (lapho ukufakwa kuhlu kwarekhodwa noma lapho kwenzeka isigameko esiyisisekelo), inani (inani lesinqumo, inani elimisiwe), umkweletu noma ummangali, isimo (esikhokhiwe noma esingakhokhiwe lapho kufanele khona), kanye nencwadi kadokotela noma ukugcinwa (uhlu lungahlala noma luzohlala isikhathi esingakanani). Imibiko yehhovisi ingase ibonise lokhu ezigabeni ezinikelwe (isb. “Izahlulelo”, “Okuzenzakalelayo”, “Ukuphatha”) noma ikuhlanganise kumlando we-akhawunti noma umbhalo olandisayo. Umehluko wesakhiwo usho ukuthi umthengi ofanayo angaba nokufana ngokwezinto ezibonakalayoulwazi olubi kuwo wonke ama-bureau, kodwa umhlaziyi ofunda i-PDF eyodwa kuphela—noma ofunda ama-PDF amaningi ngamafomethi ahlukene—angase aphuthelwe ukufakwa kuhlu, ukubala kabili, noma ahlukanise ngokungeyikho okukhokhelwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokungakhokhiwe. Ukuthola isakhiwo nokuqukethwe okuqondene nehhovisi, bheka Umbiko wezikweletu waseNingizimu Afrika, Umbiko wezikweletu weTransUnion waseNingizimu Afrika, kanye Ukuhlaziywa kombiko wesikweletu seDanamix nemihlahlandlela.
Izikhathi Zokugcina Ngaphansi Kwemithetho ye-CBA
I-Credit Bureau Association kanye ne-NCR inquma ukuthi ulwazi olubi lungagcinwa isikhathi esingakanani. Izahlulelo ngokuvamile zigcinwa iminyaka emihlanu kusukela ngosuku lwesinqumo, kuncike kukhodi ye-CBA nanoma yiziphi izinguquko zomthetho. Okuzenzakalelayo kungase kugcinwe izikhathi ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi kukhokhiwe yini kanye nohlobo lokufakwa kuhlu; amarekhodi okubuyisela (isb. ngemva kokuthathwa noma ukuphathwa) nawo anezikhathi ezichaziwe zokugcinwa. Abasebenzi akufanele bacabange ukuthi uhlu oludala luwile; ukuqinisekisa imithetho yokugcinwa kanye nesimo samanje sohlu ngalunye kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola kusekelwe olwazini olunembile, olusesikhathini samanje nokuthi abathengi abajeziswa ngokungalungile ngohlu oluphelelwe yisikhathi noma olukhokhelwayo.
Umthelela Ekuhloleni Isikweletu
Ukufakwa ohlwini okungalungile kuthinta ngokuqondile izinqumo zokubolekisa, iziphakamiso zokubuyekezwa kwezikweletu, kanye nokufaneleka kwangaphambili komdayisi. Abahlinzeki bezikweletu bayazisebenzisa emithethweni yenqubomgomo—ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqaba noma ukubekela imingcele isikweletu lapho kunezahlulelo ezingakhokhelwa noma ukuthathwa okusebenzayo. Izikolo zekhredithi bathonywe kakhulu ulwazi olubi; ubukhona kanye nemvamisa yezahlulelo kanye nokuzenzakalelayo kuvame ukunciphisa amaphuzu. Kubeluleki bezikweletu, izinhlu ezingezinhle ziwubufakazi bokucindezeleka ngokwezimali futhi zifaka phakathi ukuba nezikweletu ngokweqile isinqumo kanyeesakhiweni seziphakamiso zokuhlela kabusha. Kuma-broker, ukufaneleka kwangaphambili kudinga iphrofayili engalungile ehlanzekile noma okungenani umbono ocacile walokho okukhokhiwe, okungakhokhiwe, futhi ngaphakathi kokugcinwa—ukuze umthengisi akwazi ukubeka okulindelweyo futhi agweme izicelo ezingaphumeleli kumnikezi wesikweletu. Lapho kukhokhwa khona izinqumo noma imiyalo yokuphatha (isb. ngomthengi), lezo zinkokhelo kufanele zifakwe isikweletu-kuya-imali engenayo ezibalweni zokukwazi ukuzikhokhela; ukungazifaki kugcizelela imali engenayo etholakalayo futhi kungaholela ekuhlelweni kabusha okungalawuleki noma engcupheni yokubolekisa ngokunganaki.
Izinselelo Ezijwayelekile Zochwepheshe
Ochwepheshe bezikweletu bavame ukubhekana nesethi yezinkinga ezingokoqobo lapho besebenza nezinhlu ezingezinhle.
Ukuqinisekisa ukunemba. Idatha yehhovisi ingaba yiphutha noma iphelelwe yisikhathi—izahlulelo ezikhokhelwayo azibuyekeziwe, okufakiwe okuyimpinda, noma amanani angalungile. Abasebenzi kudingeka bakwazi ukubona okudidayo futhi, lapho kunesidingo, babangele izingxabano noma bacele idatha yehhovisi elibuyekeziwe.
Ukuhlola okukhokhelwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokungakhokhiwe. Izinqumo eziningi zivula ukuthi isinqumo noma ukukhokha kwaneliseka. Emibikweni ye-PDF, lokhu kungashiwo ezindaweni ezihlukene noma ngamagama ahlukene ehhovisi ngalinye; ukukhipha ukubuka okungaguquki “okukhokhelwayo/okungakhokhelwa” kuyo yonke imibiko eminingi kwenziwa ngesandla futhi kunephutha.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhungo zonkana. Umthengi ofanayo angase abikwe ngesinqumo esifanayo kwelinye ihhovisi hhayi kwenye, noma abikwe ngezinsuku noma amanani ahlukene. Ngaphandle kokubuka okukodwa okwenza kujwayelekile idatha engalungile kuwo wonke ama-bureau, abahlaziyi kufanele bafunde umbiko ngamunye ngokwehlukana futhi bavumelane ngokwengqondo—ihamba kancane futhi ingahambisani.
Ukulandelela kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Niniukuhlola kabusha umthengi (isb. ekuvuselelweni noma ngesikhathi sokubuyekeza isikweletu), odokotela badinga ukubona ukuthi yini eshintshile: izahlulelo ezintsha, ukwehluleka okukhokhelwayo, noma amafulegi okubuyekezwa kwezikweletu angeziwe noma asusiwe. Ekugelezeni komsebenzi okusekelwe ku-PDF, lokho kusho ukuqhathanisa imibiko emidala nemisha ngesandla; ayikho indlela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokuhlunga, ukuhlela, noma ukwehlukanisa uhlu olubi.
Inkinga Ngokubuyekezwa Kohlu Okubi Okususelwe ku-PDF
Uma ukufakwa kuhlu okungalungile kutholakala kuphela ngaphakathi kwemibiko ye-PDF elandisayo, kufihlwa kumadokhumenti amade anamagama ezigaba ahlukahlukene nezakhiwo. Ayikho indlela evamile yokuhlunga ngohlobo (isb. “bonisa izahlulelo kuphela” noma “okuzenzakalelayo kuphela okungakhokhelwa”), ukuhlunga ngedethi noma inani, noma uqhathanise imibiko yonkana emibili noma ngaphezulu. Abahlaziyi kufanele bafunde umbiko ngamunye, bathole isigaba ngasinye esibi, futhi bakhiye kabusha noma bakopishe idatha kuma-spreadsheet noma amanothi ezibonelo. Leyo nqubo ihamba kancane, ijwayele ukufakwa kuhlu okugejiwe lapho izigaba zilebulwe ngendlela ehlukile noma zishunyekwe ezigabeni, futhi kunzima ukuzicwaninga—alukho uhlu olulodwa, oluqhutshwa umthetho lwezinto ezingezinhle ezingaboshelwa emuva ekuhloleni. Ezimweni zevolumu ephezulu, ukubuyekezwa okusekelwe ku-PDF akulingani futhi kwandisa ingozi yokwelashwa okungahambisani kanye nezikhala zokuthobela.
Ukuthi Idatha Eyakhiwe Ivela Kanjani Uhlu Olubi Ngokucacile
Lapho imibiko ye-bureau ihlukaniselwa ku-schema esihlelekile, ukufakwa kuhlu okungalungile kungakhishelwa emikhakheni engaguquki: uhlobo (ukwahlulela, okuzenzakalelayo, umyalo wokuphatha, ukudliwa kwempahla, ifulegi lokubuyekeza isikweletu), idethi, inani, umbolekisi, isimo (okukhokhiwe/okungakhokhelwa lapho kufanele), kanye nomthombo wehhovisi. Uma sekulelo fomu, ukufakwa kuhlu kungahlatshwa umkhosi ngokuzenzakalelayo** ngomthetho (isb.”noma isiphi isahlulelo esingakhokhelwa ezinyangeni ezingu-24 ezidlule”), yahlungwa futhi yahlungwa ngohlobo, idethi, noma inani, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa namahhovisi onkana ngokubuka okukodwa—ukuze udokotela abone uhlu olulodwa lwazo zonke izinto ezimbi kuyo yonke imibiko, nesikhungo somthombo sikhonjisiwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isakhiwo esifanayo sivumela ukuqhathanisa kukho konke okudonsayo: ukufakwa kuhlu okusha, izinto ezikhokhelwe, noma izinguquko zesimo sokubuyekezwa kwezikweletu zingavezwa ngokuqhathanisa okukhishwayo okuhleliwe kusukela ngezinsuku zombiko ezihlukene. Imithetho yezinqumo nezindlela zokucwaninga zibe sezinamathisela kudathasethi yohlu olubi, engaguquguquki esikhundleni sombhalo olandisayo, ukuze konke ukuhlola kusebenzise umqondo ofanayo kanye nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwedatha yehhovisi kanye nomphumela osobala. Lelo inani ledatha ehleliwe yokufakwa kuhlu okungalungile: hhayi ukumiselela ukwahlulela, kodwa indlela ethembekile, ephindaphindwayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi olubi aluphuthelwa futhi lusetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izimo namahhovisi.
Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo
Ukufakwa ohlwini okungalungile—okungakhokhi, izahlulelo, imiyalo yokuphatha, ukudliwa kwempahla, namafulegi okubuyekezwa kwezikweletu—kubalulekile ekuhloleni izikweletu eNingizimu Afrika. Zithinta amaphuzu, ukukwazi ukukhokhela izindleko, ukunqunywa kokuba nezikweletu ngokweqile, kanye nezinqumo zokuboleka nokuhlela kabusha. Ukuthembela emibikweni ye-PDF kuphela kwenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukunemba, ukuqhathanisa kuwo wonke ama-bureaux, nokulandelela izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlela idatha yehhovisi ukuze kukhishwe uhlu olubi, kuhlatshwe umkhosi, futhi kuqhathaniswe kuwo wonke amahhovisi kanye nakuzo zonke izinsuku zombiko kunikeza ochwepheshe bezikweletu umbono owodwa, ohlolekayo kanye nemithetho engaguquki yazo zonke izimo. Uma ungathanda ukuveza uhlu olubi kuwo wonke ama-bureauxngokushesha futhi wakhe ukuhlaziya okungaguquki, okuvikelekayo, thintana ukuze ubone ukuthi idatha yekhredithi ehlelekile ingasekela kanjani ukugeleza komsebenzi wakho.