I-Debt-to-Income Ratio | I-Credit Assessment Guide

Isilinganiso semali engenayo nemali engenayo (i-DTI) ingelinye lamamethrikhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni izikweletu zaseNingizimu Afrika. Kochwepheshe bezikweletu—abeluleki ngezikweletu, abadayisi bezikweletu, nabanikezeli bezikweletu—i-DTI iphakathi nendawo yokuhlaziywa kokungakwazi ukukhokhela, iziphakamiso zokuhlela kabusha, kanye nezinqumo zokuboleka. Nokho ukuthi ichazwa kanjani, ibalwa, futhi isetshenziswa kanjani iyahlukahluka kuwo wonke amafemu ngisho nabahloli bonke ngaphakathi kwefemu efanayo. Esimeni esilawulwayo lapho iSigaba 81–82 soMthetho Wezikweletu Kazwelonke (NCA) sidinga ukuhlolwa okufaneleko kokukwazi ukukhokhela futhi sinqabele ukuboleka imali budedengu, lokho kungahambisani kudala ingozi yokuthobela imithetho futhi kubukela phansi inani lemethrikhi. Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi i-DTI isho ukuthini esimweni sezikweletu saseNingizimu Afrika, indlela yokubala ngendlela efanele, kungani ibalulekile ekuthotshelweni kwe-NCA, ukuthi izindima ezihlukene ziyisebenzisa kanjani, nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuhlela idatha ye-DTI ekubaleni okungaguquki kwe-DTI esikalini. Ukuze uthole umbono obanzi wokuhlola ukukwazi ukuthengeka eNingizimu Afrika, bona umhlahlandlela wokuhlola ukukwazi ukukhokhela.

Isho ukuthini i-DTI Kumongo Wezikweletu WaseNingizimu Afrika

Ngokombono wochwepheshe, i-DTI iyisilinganiso somthwalo wesikweletu somthengi ohlobene nemali engenayo. Iphendula umbuzo: iyiphi ingxenye yemali engenayo yomthengi esezibophezele kakade ekuhlinzekeni ngesikweletu esikhona? I-DTI ephezulu iphakamisa umthamo olinganiselwe wezibopho ezintsha; i-DTI ephansi ishiya isikhala esengeziwe sekhredithi eyengeziwe noma yokuhlela kabusha isikweletu esikhona. Imethrikhi ayisona iseluleko sabathengi—iyithuluzi labasebenzi ukuze baqhathanise abafake izicelo, bahlole ukuthengeka, kanye nezincomo zosekelo.

ENingizimu Afrika, i-DTI isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, njenge-inkomba yokufinyeleleka: ingabe umthengi unawo amandla esikweletu esihlongozwayo noma ukuhlelwa kabusha? Okwesibili, njengegalelo lokuthobela imithetho: i-NCA ilindele ukuthi abahlinzeki bezikweletu bahlole izindlela zezimali ezikhona kanye nezibopho ngaphambi kokwelula isikweletu; I-DTI iyingxenye esemqoka yalokho kuhlola. Okwesithathu, njengesilinganiso sokuqhathanisa: lapho ihlola abathengi abaningi, i-DTI ivumela abasebenzi ukuthi balinganise noma bahlukanise amacala ngomthwalo wesikweletu futhi basebenzise imingcele engaguquki. Ngakho-ke incazelo “yemali engenayo” kanye “nesikweletu” ibalulekile: umthengi ofanayo angakhiqiza izibalo ze-DTI ezihluke kakhulu—kanye nemiphumela—uma ifemu eyodwa isebenzisa isamba semali engenayo kanye nenye inetha, noma uma enye ihlanganisa isikweletu sesitolimende kuphela kanye nesinye zonke izibopho zenkontileka.

Ibalwa kanjani i-DTI

I-DTI ivezwa njengesilinganiso noma iphesenti: izibopho zezikweletu zanyanga zonke zihlukaniswe ngeholo lanyanga zonke. Ifomula iqondile, kodwa okokufaka kufanele kuchazwe ngokucacile futhi kusetshenziswe ngokungaguquki.

Isamba semali engenayo

Imali engenayo ingathathwa njengesamba (ngaphambi kwentela nokudonswa kwemali) noma inetha (ngemuva kwentela nokubanjwa). Isamba semali engenayo ngokuvamile iyisisekelo esingcono sokufinyeleleka ngoba sibonisa lokho umthengi anakho ngempela ukuze ahlangabezane nezibopho. Isamba semali engenayo kulula ukuqinisekisa ngama-payslips futhi ngezinye izikhathi sisetshenziselwa ukuhambisana ne-bureau noma idatha yomqashi. Noma ngabe iyiphi incazelo esetshenziswa inkampani yakho, kufanele isetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo kukho konke ukuhlola. Bhala ukuthi usebenzisa i-gross noma inetha, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izindleko noma izilinganiso ze-DTI zilinganiselwe kulokho kukhetha. Isibonelo, umkhawulo we-DTI ongamaphesenti angama-40 emalini engenayo uqinile kunama-40% emalini eyisamba, ngoba inethaisibalo esincane.

Isamba sezibopho zesikweletu

Isamba sezibopho zezikweletu zisho zonke izinkokhelo zenkontileka zanyanga zonke umthengi okudingeka azenze ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zezikweletu. Lokho kuhlanganisa izitolimende zebhondi noma zemali mboleko yendlu, imali yemoto, imalimboleko yomuntu siqu, amakhadi esikweletu (inkokhelo encane noma yenkontileka), amakhadi esitolo, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinsiza zesikweletu ezidinga inkokhelo ephindelelayo. Izinkokhelo eziphuma kanye noma ozikhethele zona azifakiwe. Isibalo kufanele sibonise izibopho zamanje—ngakho uma umthengi esalele emuva futhi umbolekisi engakasilungisi isitolimende, isitolimende senkontileka (lokho okufanele bakukhokhe) sivame ukusetshenziswa, hhayi inani elincishisiwe alikhokhayo ngempela. Lokhu kugwema ukubukela phansi umthwalo wezikweletu wangempela. Idatha yalezi zibopho ivela emibikweni ye-credit bureau—I-Experian, Idathanamix, TransUnion, noma eminye—lapho amabhalansi e-akhawunti, imikhawulo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amanani ezitolimende afakwe ohlwini. Lapho i-bureau inganikezi isitolimende, amafemu avame ukusilinganisela (isb. kusuka kubhalansi kanye nesikhathi) noma asebenzise indlela esezingeni; leyo ndlela kufanele ibhalwe phansi futhi isetshenziswe ngokungaguquki.

Ifomula

I-DTI = (Isamba sezibopho zesikweletu zanyanga zonke ÷ Imali engenayo yanyanga zonke) × 100

Umphumela uvamise ukuvezwa njengephesenti. Isibonelo: uma izibopho zezikweletu zenyanga sezizonke zingu-R8,000 kanti imali engenayo yanyanga zonke ingu-R20,000, i-DTI = (8,000 ÷ 20,000) × 100 = 40%. Ama-Threshold ahluka ngokobolekayo nangomkhiqizo—ngokuvamile u-30–40% wensalela yemali engenayo yekhredithi engaqinisekisiwe—kodwa ukubala ngokwako kufanele kufane ukuze okokufaka okufanayo njalo kukhiqize i-DTI efanayo.

Okuqukethwe kwe-NCA: Kungani I-DTI IbalulekileUkuhambisana

Izigaba 81 kanye nesama-82 zoMthetho Wezikweletu Kazwelonke yizona ezihamba phambili ekwenzeni i-DTI ibe semthethweni ekuhloleni izikweletu. Isigaba 81 sidinga ukuthi abahlinzeki bezikweletu bathathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokuhlola izindlela zezimali ezikhona zomthengi, amathemba, kanye nezibopho ngaphambi kokwenza isivumelwano sesikweletu. Isigaba 82 siyakwenqabela ukuboleka imali budedengu—okuhlanganisa nokwelula isikweletu lapho umthengi esevele enezikweletu ezeqile noma lapho umnikezi wezikweletu ehlulekile ukwenza ukuhlola okufanele.

I-DTI iyingxenye esemqoka yalokho kuhlola. Ifingqa “izibopho ezikhona” ngokuhlobene “nezindlela zezimali” ngenombolo eyodwa, efanayo. Uma i-DTI iphezulu kakhulu, umthengi angase abe nezikweletu ngokweqile; ukunikeza esinye isikweletu ngaphandle kokulungisa lokho okuphakamisa ingozi yokuboleka budedengu. I-NCR ilindele ukuthi abahlinzeki bezikweletu babhale ukuthi bahlole kanjani ukukwazi ukukhokhela, iyiphi imali engenayo kanye nezibopho abazisebenzisile, nokuthi bafinyelele kanjani esinqumweni sabo. Ukubala kwe-DTI okungaguquki noma okungabhaliwe kwenza kube nzima ukukhombisa ukuthi izinyathelo eziphusile zithathiwe. Kubeluleki bezikweletu, i-DTI isekela ukuzimisela ukuba nezikweletu ngokweqile kanye nomklamo weziphakamiso zokuhlela kabusha eziletha izibopho zihambisane nemali engenayo. Kuwo wonke amaqembu, indlela ye-DTI ecacile, ephindaphindwayo isekela ukuthobela kanye nokulungela ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku.

Indlela Izindima Ezihlukene Ezisebenzisa ngayo i-DTI

I-DTI isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi ungumeluleki wezikweletu, umthengisi wezikweletu, noma umnikezi wesikweletu. Isilinganiso esifanayo sisekela izinqumo ezahlukene.

Abeluleki ngezikweletu: iziphakamiso zokuhlela kabusha

Abeluleki ngezezikweletu basebenzisa i-DTI ukuze bahlole ukuthi umthengi usezikweletini ngokweqile yini futhi bakhe ukuhlelwa kabusha.iziphakamiso. Kudingeka babone izibopho eziphelele ezivela kudatha yehhovisi, baqhathanise lokho nemali engenayo eqinisekisiwe, futhi banqume ukuthi izinkokhelo zamanje ziyasimama yini. I-DTI ephezulu isekela ukutholwa kokuba nezikweletu ngokweqile futhi ithethelela isiphakamiso sokunciphisa izitolimende noma ukwelula isikhathi. Ngemva kokuhlela kabusha, i-DTI kufanele yehlele ezingeni umthengi angaligcina. Abeluleki bezikweletu bavame ukusebenza namahhovisi amaningi kanye nemibiko eminingi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwecala; incazelo engaguquki yemali engenayo nezibopho, kanye nefomula engashintshi, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthengi ofanayo akahlolwa ngendlela eyodwa ekuthatheni kwakhe nangenye indlela yokubuyekezwa.

Abathengi bezikweletu: ukufaneleka kwangaphambili

Abadayisi bezikweletu basebenzisa i-DTI ukuze bafake izicelo ngaphambi kokuba bazithumele kubabolekisi. Kudingeka bazi ngokushesha ukuthi umthwalo wesikweletu somfakisicelo ungaphakathi kwemikhawulo evamile yombolekisi ukuze bakwazi ukugxila emacaleni asebenzayo. I-DTI nasi isihlungi: abafake izicelo ngaphezu komkhawulo bangase bancishwe amathuba noma belulekwe ukuba behlise isikweletu ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo. Abadayisi bangase bangabi nakho ukujula okufanayo kokuqinisekiswa kwemali engenayo njengalowo obolekayo ekugcineni, ngakho-ke bavame ukusebenzisa imali engenayo eshiwo kanye nezibopho eziphuma kumahhovisi. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi uhlangothi lwesibopho—idinominetha esilinganisweni—kufanele lubalwe ngendlela efanayo kubo bonke abafake isicelo. Lapho isamba esiphelele sesibopho sikhishwa mathupha emibikweni ye-PDF, ukuhluka phakathi kwabahloli kungasho ukuthi abanye abafake izicelo bahlukaniswa ngokungeyikho.

Abahlinzeki bezikweletu: izinqumo zokuboleka

Abahlinzeki bezikweletu basebenzisa i-DTI njengokufaka ocwaningweni lokukwazi ukukhokhela okusemthethweni oludingwa yiSigaba 81. Ngokuvamile banemali engenayo eqinisekisiwe kanye nedatha egcwele yehhovisi. I-DTIisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezinye izici—umlando wokukhokha, amagoli esikweletu, izindleko zokuphila—ukunquma ukuthi uyayinikeza yini isikweletu nokuthi imiphi imigomo. Inqubomgomo yangaphakathi izobeka imikhawulo ye-DTI ngomkhiqizo; ukweqa umkhawulo kungase kuholele ekwehleni noma emkhiqizweni ohlukile. Ukuze kuthotshelwe umthetho, umnikezi wesikweletu (wemali-mboleko) kufanele akwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi i-DTI yabalwa kanjani, iyiphi idatha esetshenzisiwe, nokuthi yangena kanjani esinqumweni. Ukubala kwe-Ad hoc noma okungahambisani kwenza lobo bufakazi bube buthaka.

Imikhawulo ye-DTI njenge-Sole Metric

I-DTI iwusizo kodwa ayanele iyodwa. Ayikufaki ukuziphatha kokukhokha, umlando wesikweletu, noma isikhathi nokwakheka kwezibopho.

Umlando wokukhokha ubonisa ukuthi ingabe umthengi uhlangabezane nezibopho ezikhona ngesikhathi. Abathengi ababili abane-DTI efanayo bangase babe namaphrofayili engcuphe ahluke kakhulu uma omunye enerekhodi lokukhokha elihlanzekile kanti omunye enesikweletu esisilele emuva noma esilele emuva. Izikolo zekhredithi nezinhlamvu zephrofayela yokukhokha zengeza lobo bukhulu. I-DTI futhi ayisho lutho mayelana nokuzinza kwemali engenayo—ukuthi imali engenayo ingunaphakade noma eyesikhashana, noma ingase ishintshe. Umthengi one-DTI ephansi kodwa engenayo engazinzile angase abe yingozi kunoyedwa one-DTI ephakeme kancane kanye nomsebenzi ozinzile.

Izindleko zokuphila aziboniswa ku-DTI; abathengi ababili abaneholo elifanayo kanye nesikweletu bangaba ne-DTI efanayo kodwa iholo elilahlekayo elihluke kakhulu. Amafemu amaningi ahlanganisa i-DTI nesilinganiso sezindleko noma imali eyinsalela ukuze athole isithombe esigcwele. Ukuhlola okuphelele, i-DTI kufanele isetshenziswe nomlando wokukhokha, amaphuzu, kanye nengqikithi yezindleko—hhayi njengesango elilodwa.

Ukubalwa kwe-DTI Manuwali kusuka emibikweni ye-PDF: Amaphutha nokungahambisani

KuNgokuvamile, amafemu amaningi asathola i-DTI ngokufunda imibiko yezikweletu ze-PDF nokubhala izibalo kusipredishithi noma ifayela lecala. Lokho kuhamba komsebenzi kwethula amaphutha nokungahambisani.

Ama-PDF awahlelekile: ibhalansi nezitolimende zihlala kumathebula noma umbhalo olandisayo, ngakho umhloli kufanele athole i-akhawunti ngayinye, anqume ukuthi yini ebaluleke njengesibopho sesikweletu, futhi aphinde afake izinombolo. Ukufunda kabi idijithi, ukuphuthelwa yi-akhawunti, noma ukubala kabili kulula. Abahloli abahlukene bangafaka noma bakhiphe ama-akhawunti ngendlela ehlukile—isb. ikhadi lesitolo elingasebenzi noma ama-akhawunti engxabano—ukuze umbiko ofanayo uveze izibalo ezihlukene ze-DTI uma usetshenziswa abantu abahlukene noma ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Lokho kuhlukahluka kubukela phansi ukulunga futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuvikela izinqumo ekucwaningweni kwamabhuku. Awukho futhi umthombo owodwa weqiniso: i-DTI ingase ibe khona kunothi noma iseli lesipredishithi kuphela, kungekho sixhumanisi lapho kusetshenziswe khona umbiko noma ama-akhawunti. Ukuyakhela kabusha i-NCR noma umcwaningi mabhuku wangaphakathi kuwumsebenzi omningi futhi ngokuvamile akuphelele.

Idatha Yehhovisi Elihleliwe: I-DTI Ezenzakalelayo, Engaguquguquki

Lapho idatha ye-bureau ihlelwa—ihlukaniselwa emikhakheni engaguquki yama-akhawunti, amabhalansi, izitolimende, nemali engenayo (lapho itholakala khona)—i-DTI ingabalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa ifomula efanayo nemithetho efanayo kuzo zonke izimo. Lokho kususa ukuhlukahluka okuvela ekukhishweni mathupha kanye nokukhetha kwe-ad hoc.

Idatha ehleliwe isho ukuthi yonke i-akhawunti ihlukaniswa ngokungaguquki: imaphi ama-akhawunti afakwe “kuphelele izibopho zezikweletu,” ukuthi izitolimende zitholwa kanjani lapho ihhovisi lingazihlinzeki, nokuthi imali engenayo ihlanganiswa kanjani uma kukhona imithombo eminingi. Ifomulaisebenza ngendlela efanayo kubaluleki ngezikweletu, abadayisi, nabahlinzeki bezikweletu, ukuze umthengi ofanayo akhiqize i-DTI efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani oqhuba ukuhlolwa. Izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyalandeleka: uma umbiko omusha udonswa, isistimu ingaqhathanisa i-DTI nokuhlola kwangaphambilini futhi ibonise ukuthi ingabe isikhundla somthengi sithuthukile noma siwohlokile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukubala kusekelwe emthethweni futhi kugcinwe ngesixhumanisi sombiko oyisisekelo, umkhondo wokucwaninga ucacile: yimuphi umbiko, i-akhawunti, iyiphi ifomula, futhi yimuphi umphumela. Lokho kusekela ukuthobela kwe-NCA nokwenza izinqumo ezivikelekayo.

Amafemu asuka ku-PDF-based manual DTI aye kudatha ye-bureau ehlelekile awayishintshi incazelo ye-DTI—alungisa ukungaguquguquki nokuhleleka. Isilinganiso sihlala siwukufaka okubalulekile ekuthengeni, ukuba nezikweletu ngokweqile, kanye nokubolekisa; imane ibalwe ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke izimo futhi ingachazwa futhi yenziwe kabusha lapho kudingeka.

Qinisekisa Ukubala Kwe-DTI Okungaguquguquki Eqenjini Lakho Lonkana

Isilinganiso sesikweletu nemali engenayo sibalulekile ekuhloleni ukukwazi ukuthengeka, ukuthobela i-NCA, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwabathengi. Ukuyibala ngokungaguquki kudinga izincazelo ezicacile, ifomula evamile, nedatha yehhovisi ngendlela esekela ukubala okuphindaphindwayo—hhayi kukhiyelwe kuma-PDF lapho ukufakwa kabusha kokhiye okwenziwa ngesandla nokuhumusha kwethula amaphutha nokuhlukahluka.

Xhumana ukuze ubone ukuthi idatha ehlelekile yekhredithi inika amandla kanjani ukubala kwe-DTI okungaguquki kulo lonke iqembu lakho futhi igcine umkhondo ocacile wokucwaninga kusuka embikweni wehhovisi kuye kumphumela.